Monday, May 19, 2008

Things You Didn't Know About Your Body

NUTRITION

Guzzle -- don't sip -- water: Downing big gulps cues your body to get it into the system faster.

To lose weight, drink cold water. Your body has to expend extra calories to heat up the H2O in your stomach, resulting in a rise in your resting metabolic rate. In fact, in a 2003 German study researchers estimated that drinking two additional icy quarts a day would help you burn about 100 extra calories -- or the equivalent of a pound of fat every five weeks -- with no other changes in exercise or diet.

So that's why we like sushi. By simultaneously eating "bad" high-glycemic foods (pasta, rice, etc.) and protein (fish, meat, etc.), you greatly lower the former's absorption rate -- and reduce their tendency to be stored in the body as fat.

Eat cheap tuna. More expensive canned albacore "white" tuna has been found to contain as much as three times the mercury of canned "light" tuna.

Why settle for some overprocessed vending machine offering when you can have a second lunch? A whole-wheat PB&J sandwich at 3 pm will keep your energy up until dinner, help your heart with a megadose of monounsaturated fats, and has fewer calories than cheesy peanut butter crackers.

FITNESS
Assuming you're a morning person, a smart way to lose weight is to work out before breakfast. That's because when you don't give your body carbs, more of the calories you burn will come from fat stores. Just stick to a moderate 500-calorie workout and you shouldn't pass out.

Before beginning a workout, drink half a Diet Coke. The caffeine can lower the perceived difficulty of the exercises. And the easier they seem, the longer and harder you'll be able to train.

"Most runners don't warm up as well as they could. Ideally, you want to warm up very slowly (about 60 percent of perceived exertion) for three minutes, then do three very quick intervals in a row -- 20-second sprints separated by two minutes of easy jogging. The sprints will get your body used to producing and clearing lactic acid, which will really come in handy once you start to pick up the intensity in earnest." --Chris Carmichael, longtime coach of Lance Armstrong

To simulate outdoor running, set the treadmill incline to at least 1 percent. Running on a cardio machine set to a zero-percent grade is actually easier than running outdoors on flat ground -- because there's no wind resistance and less friction.

Never run at a speed that you could walk. Studies of health club members have shown that treadmill runners experience less caloric burn and greater stress on their joints while running slow than when walking fast. The switch-over point: 5 to 6 mph.

SERIOUS MEDICAL ISSUES
First thing in the morning it's important to listen to Bach or System of a Down or whatever music relaxes you. Your heart attack risk is greatest in the AM -- cortisol levels are high and platelets are stickiest -- so anything you can do to calm stress will help you avoid ticker trouble.

Statins are frequently hailed as miracle drugs, but they have their limits. A starter dose can lower cholesterol by 40 percent, yet to get the bigger drop many doctors prescribe often requires that amount to be doubled or even quadrupled -- leaving patients at higher risk for muscle pain and other side effects. That's where that other wonder drug, Metamucil, comes into play. Before upping your statins, try three unsweetened 1-1/2 tsp. servings of the venerable fiber laxative a day. A study has shown it produces the same drop in LDL as an extra statin, side effect-free.

Starting 48 hours before your next long flight, take a baby aspirin each day. It'll thin your blood just enough to prevent clots from forming in your legs.

Laughter may be the key to life, but it's hell on asthma. A recent study indicates that it's among the most common triggers of asthma attacks (even more common than dust mites and mold). So if Dave Chappelle has been leaving you gasping on the floor, it's a good sign you need to get your condition under better control.

Early Warning Any problems in bed? Still waking up with an erection? How's the rigidity been? Depending on your answers to those questions, you may want to talk to your doctor about scheduling a heart exam. Two recent major medical conferences have held seminars on the use of the penis as an early detection tool for heart disease. It has to do with the parallels between the two popular body parts: The same cholesterol plaque that impedes coronary arteries can also block arteries in the penis. The difference, as you see here, is that penile arteries are a lot smaller, meaning the effects of any blockage are likely to show up that much sooner.

SEX
You may want to take that laptop off your lap. Portable computers can heat up to 158 degrees inside. After an hour, that can raise the temperature of your testes by 3.6 degrees, nearly twice what it takes to harm fertility.

For better sex, crank the thermostat way, way up. Working on the same concept as Bikram, or hot, yoga, this momentary splurge on your heating bill will have you breaking the social taboo of getting sweaty together. Taboo-breaking ups her vulnerability and makes her feel closer to you. Plus, everything will just be a whole lot slipperier.

To get your partner in the mood, turn down the Barry White and feed her Good & Plenty. In a study by noted Chicago smell researcher Dr. Alan Hirsch, women exposed to the scent of licorice experienced a 13 percent increase in vaginal blood flow. That compares to a 14 percent reduction from the scent of barbecue smoke.

In a related study by Hirsch on penile blood flow, topping the men's list was an interesting pairing of lavender extract and...pumpkin pie. The number two slot? Licorice and doughnuts.

If you think yoga is a great way to meet hot women, think again -- it's a great way to meet hot, turned-on women. Certain poses, such as the eagle, direct blood flow to a woman's pelvis, increasing sensation, says Rutgers sex researcher Beverly Whipple.

GROOMING
For puffy eyes after a rough night, try this trick long used by hard-drinking Hollywood action stars: Soak cotton pads in witch hazel, freeze until cold, squeeze out the excess liquid, and place on your lower eyelids until you're back to looking the part.

For extra-sweaty feet or underarms, moisten black tea bags in warm water, and apply to the trouble spots for 20 minutes three times a week. The tannic acid calms sweat glands.

Sprinkle Zeasorb powder in your funkiest sneakers. Unlike other foot powders, it doesn't contain cornstarch, which can act as free food for bacteria and fungus ($12; drugstore.com).

If you're prone to foot fungus, put your socks on before your boxers. This will stop the shorts from touching your feet and transferring the rot to your groin.

Antioxidant cream, one of the few non-scam wrinkle treatments, just got even more legit. The antioxidant idebenone, in nonprescription Prevage ($115; prevage.com), was shown in a UC-San Francisco study to be the best antiwrinkle antioxi of them all.

ADVENTURE MEDICINE
Five important medical reasons why you should never enter the wilds without a roll of duct tape:

If you lose your Ray-Bans, it makes for an improvised pair of sunglasses. Simply rip off a foot-long piece of tape and stick it back on itself so it's no longer sticky. Cut two eye slits into the tape and tie string (or a shoelace, cord, etc.) from one end to the other to secure it to your head. The slits will limit the amount of sunlight that gets in your eyes.

If you sprain your ankle, you can wrap the tape in the same pattern as you would an ACE bandage to immobilize the joint.

If you injure your knee, you can duct-tape a sleeping pad (assuming you brought a sleeping pad) around the knee and then slightly inflate the pad.

A small piece on top of corns or calluses creates a smooth foot surface, preventing them from becoming blisters and cuts.

After cleaning a wound, you can make closure strips with quarter-inch-thick pieces of duct tape.

MISCELLANEOUS
The next time you feel a cold coming on, slice a raw garlic clove, let it sit for 10 minutes, then eat; allicin in garlic is a formidable virus killer.

For the perfect pillow: At the bedding store, stand with your back against a wall in a comfortable posture. Place a candidate in the gap between the wall and your head. If the pillow pushes your head too far forward, it's too thick for your skeleton. If your head falls too far back, it's too thin.

All "waiting to see if it'll go away on its own" does for a headache is guarantee it will stick around. You'll have a much easier time if you treat a headache within the first half hour. And use ibuprofen -- it's more effective than aspirin or Tylenol.

Instead of shelling out $2,000 for an ergonomic desk chair, try a $1 roll of paper towels. Unroll until the roll fills the gap between your lower back and your old desk chair. Tie it in place with string. This will maintain your spine's proper S curvature and decrease back pain.

Don't use hydrogen peroxide to clean a wound. Those bubbles are caused by a chemical reaction that kills important cells you need to heal. Instead, just opt for soap and water.





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Tips to Avoid Over Eating

  • Slow down, chew with purpose: Take at least 20 minutes to consume a meal. Taking longer to eat will make you feel as though you are eating more. Enjoy the conversation and companionship.
  • Eat only while sitting down: Much extra food in consumed on the run. Making it a point to sit down while eating will help you think about how much you are consuming.
  • Eat off smaller plates!
  • Drink a 12 ounce glass of water before eating: It will take up room in your stomach and make you feel less hungry.
  • Wait 10 minutes before snacking: Between meal snacks are usually impulsive acts. A wait before eating them will often make you realize you aren't hungry after all.
  • Keep the right stuff up front: Make such foods as fruit and vegetables readily available by keeping them in the front of the refrigerator shelves.

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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Note for Pet Owners:
This information is provided by Provet for educational purposes only.
You should seek the advice of your veterinarian if your pet is ill as only he or she can correctly advise on the diagnosis and recommend the treatment that is most appropriate for your pet.

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Description
In nature animals have evolved a sophisticated defence system that produces glycoproteins called immunoglobulins or antibodies in response to chemicals (antigens) on the surface of organisms (eg bacteria, viruses) or other substances (eg toxins) that gain access to the body. The antibodies chemically bind with the antigens - an initial step in the process to remove them from the body.
Under normal circumstances the body's immune system recognises tissues and cells that are part of itself, and the immune system will only produce antibodies against foreign cells. However, sometimes the controlling mechanisms fail and the immune system does produce antibodies which attack the animals own body tissues. These are called autoantibodies and the disease that results is called an autoimmune disease.
Autoantibodies may be formed against specific organs or specific types of cell (eg blood cells), or they may be non-organ specific. In the last category antibodies are often produced which act against nuclear material within the nucleus of cells and these are called antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). ANAs are commonly found in some forms of autoimmune disease eg systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Cause
The cause of autoimmune diseases is the production of autoantibodies against the animals own tissues. The underlying reasons for these disorders occurring are complex and not fully understood.
Infectious agents are thought to be the initiating factor in some of these disorders eg Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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Breed Occurrence
There are several reports of possible increased incidence of autoimmune diseases in some breeds and sexes :

  • Cocker Spaniels,Old English Sheepdogs and Poodles may be predisposed to develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • Poodles are over-represented in reports of autoimmune thrombocytopenia
  • Female dogs more often develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and autoimmune thrombocytopenia than males
  • Poodles and German Shepherds may be predisposed to develop Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Toy breeds of dog may be predisposed to develop rheumatoid arthritis
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Signs
The common signs of autoimmune disease in animals depend upon the target organ(s) for the autoantibodies :
Adrenal gland
  • Some cases of canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons disease) are due to autoantibody production against the adrenal glands.
  • Signs include :
    • Muscle weakness - the dog collapses during exercise
    • Depression
    • Sudden collapse and shock
    • Kidney failure
    • Inappetance
    • Diarrhoea - sometimes contains blood
    • Abdominal pain
    • Increased thirst (polydipsia)
    • Increased urine production (polyuria)
    • Weight loss
Blood
  • Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (dogs, cats (rare - often secondary to leukaemia), cattle (very rare), horses (rare - usually secondary eg abscesses). It can occur with autoimmune thrombocytopenia.
  • Due to autoantibodies against the animals own red blood cells causing them to disrupt (called haemolysis)
  • Coombs test is positive in these patients
  • Anaemia may be present on routine haematological examination
  • Free haemoglobin is present in blood and urine
  • The animal may develop jaundice (accumulation of yellow pigment in tissues)
  • Affected animals are lethargic
  • Extremities (ears, feet, nose and tail) may become blue (cyanosed) or reddened, swollen, ulcerated and crusts may form.
  • Enlargement of the spleen may occur
  • Enlargement of lymph nodes may occur
  • Sometimes autoimmune haemolytic anaemia has a primary cause eg it can be induced by drugs
  • Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (dogs, cats (rare), horses. It can be secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus - see below). It can occur with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
    • Due to autoantibodies against platelets which are important in blood clotting.
    • oHaemorrhages into the skin (small petechial haemorrhages, larger ecchymotic haemorrhages (patches) or sometimes massive haemorrhages - nose bleeds or internal bleeding into the abdomen or chest )
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - see below
Musculoskeletal System
  • Myasthenia gravis (dogs and cats)
    • The acquired form of this disease is associated with the production of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors on muscle. Signs include :
    • Poor exercise tolerance
    • Muscle weakness
    • Difficulty eating and swallowing
    • Regurgitation of food
    • Dilation of the oesophagus (megaoesophagus)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis - Autoantibodies against IgG are associated with rheumatoid arthritis the signs of which are :
    • Lameness
    • Swollen joints - often affects the same joints in the left and right limbs.
    • Restricted range of movement in joints, and in advanced cases there may be no movement in the joint
    • In some cases the joint dislocates because local ligaments rupture, and so there is an excessive range of movement
    • Crepitus (a grating sensation and clicking or cracking sound) is present when the joints are manipulated
    • High body temperature
    • Inappetance
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - see Multiple organ autoimmune diseases below.
Skin
  • Bullous Autoimmune Skin Disease
    • Pemphigus vulgaris (dogs and cats)
      • Erosions or ulcers around the mucocutaneous junctions (mouth, nails)
      • The lesions discharge serum and crusts form over the ulcers
      • Depression
      • Inappetance
      • Death
    • Pemphigus foliaceus (most common canine and equine autoimmune skin disease, also reported in cats and goats)
      • Small swellings under the surface of the skin (bullae or pustules)
      • Crusting
      • Scale (scurf or dandruff) formation
      • Loss of hair (alopecia)
      • Black pigmentation of the skin (hyperpigmentation)
      • Sloughing of the foot pads
      • Itchiness (pruritus)
      • Usually affects the head and nose, but can be generalised
    • Pemphigus vegetans (rare- dog))
      • Pustules
      • Crusting
      • Papilloma formation
      • Can be generalised or in the groin area
    • Pemphigus erythematosus (dog and cat)
      • Discharging sores
      • Crusting
      • Itchiness (pruritus)
      • Affects mainly the skin around the eyes, the ears and on the bridge of the nose.
      • The disease gets worse if the skin is exposed to sunlight
    • Bullous pemphigoid (dog and horse)
      • Erosions or ulcers around the mucocutaneous junctions (eg lips and mouth), the ears or the groin
      • The lesions discharge serum and crusts form over the ulcers
      • Depression
      • Inappetance
      • High body temperature - due to secondary infection
Thyroid
  • • Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin (and occasionally against thyroid hormone T3) are associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis - the main cause of hypothyroidism in dogs. Signs of hypothyroidism include :
  • o Bilateral hair loss (alopecia)
  • o Thinning of the skin
  • o Lethargy
  • o Black pigmentation of the skin
  • o Scurf (dandruff)
  • o Lethargy
  • o Obesity
  • o Cold intolerance - seeks warm places to lie down
  • o Reproductive problems.
  • o Fat deposits in the cornea of the eye (lipidosis)
  • o Dry eye (keratitis sicca)
  • o Diarrheoa
  • o Vomiting
  • o Constipation
  • o Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
  • o Muscle weakness
Multiple Organ Autoimmune Diseases
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - (dogs and cats)
o Arthritis (rheumatoid) in several joints - see above - most common presenting sign
o Skin disease - second most common presenting sign
 Bilaterally symmetrical loss of hair and production of scurf (scale or dandruff)
 Ulcerations and crusting form in severe cases - often affecting the ears, feet and head
o High body temperature - does not respond to antibiotics, does respond to corticosteroids (present in over 50% of cases)
o Inappetance
o Anaemia - causes lethargy. Positive Coombs test.
o Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count - less than 50,000 per cubic mm - present in about 30% of cases) - may lead to haemorrhages
o Neutropenia - low white cell count (neutrophils) (present in up to 50% of cases)
o Kidney disease - glomerulonephritis (in about 25% of cases) - protein leaks into urine.
o Weight loss
o High total serum protein
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Complications
Multiple organ system involvement is common and this can make diagnosis difficult.
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis depends upon tests to identify the circulating antibodies, or antibody-antigen complexes that form and other tests specific to the organ involved ;
Adrenal gland
• Adrenal insufficiency (Addisons disease)
o Indirect immunofluorescence tests
o Low blood cortisol concentrations (below 35 nmol/l)
o Low plasma sodium concentration (less than 135 mmol/l)
o High plasma potassium concentration (over 5.5 mmol/l)
o High blood calcium concentrations (in about 50% of cases)
o High blood urea and creatinine (about 75% of cases)
o Poor ACTH stimulation test
o Histopathological examination of adrenal biopsy
Blood
• Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
o Coombes test positive
• Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
o low platelet count (less than 40,000/cubic mm)
o Sometimes prolonged ACT (activated coagulation time)
o Immunofluorescence tests
o ELISA test
Musculoskeletal system
• Myasthenia gravis
o Immediate response to therapy with 0.1-1.0 mg edrophonium chloride (an anti-cholinesterase drug)
• Rheumatoid arthritis - diagnosis is difficult
o Rheumatoid Arthirtis (RA) factors may be present on serology - titre needs to be 1:16 or higher
o Synovial fluid examination - white blood cell counts exceed 3,000/ cubic mm and can be very high.
o Histopathological examination of synovial membrane biopsies.
o Radiological findings :
 Loss of joint space (due to loss of articular cartilage)
 Soft tissue swelling
 Radiolucent areas in subchondral bone - typical findings
 Other secondary changes eg DJD, ankylosis, luxation
Multiple organ systems
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
o Positive ANA assay test - low titres may be present in NORMAL dog serum - so care is needed in interpretation.The titre should be higher than 1:100.
o Positive LE cell preparation
Thyroid
• Lymphocytic thyroiditis
o Clinical signs
o Low thyroid hormone (thyroxine - T4) concentrations in the blood
o Histopathological examination of thyroid biopsy
o Detection of antithyroglobulin antibodies in plasma
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Treatment
Treatment depends upon the organs involved . The aim is usually to reduce the immune response, however it should be remembered that this will also reduce the animals resistance to infection, so secondary complications may occur.
Adrenal gland
• Addisons disease
o Emergency treatment to replace fluids and electrolytes
o Long term treat with mineralocorticoids eg fludrocortisone acetate at 0.1mg/kg body weight per day AND glucocorticoids eg prednisolone at 0.1-0.3mg/kg body weight per day
Blood
• Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
o Immunosuppressive drugs eg
 High dose corticosteroids - prednisone or prednisolone at 2mg/kg body weight twice daily by mouth
 Cyclophosphamide - in acute, severe cases - 1.5-2.5mg/kg body weight daily by mouth
o Blood transfusion - may be beneficial but controversial as haemolysis (disruption of the red cells) may occur
o Removal of the spleen (splenectomy)
o Treat any primary cause eg remove drug therapy if it is a drug-induced problem
• Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
o Immunosuppressive drugs :
 High dose corticosteroids (see above)
 Vincristine - 0.01-0.025mg/kg body weight intravenously every 7 days until platelet counts are normal
 Cyclophosphamide - in severe cases - see above
o Blood transfusion - severe cases
o Splenectomy - if recurrent or non-responsive
o Treat any primary cause eg drug-induced problem
Musculoskeletal system
• Myasthenia gravis
o Cholinesterase inhibitors eg pyridostigmine bromide at 10-60mg three times daily
o Corticosteroids eg prednisone at 2-3mg/kg body weight per day
• Rheumatoid arthritis
o Aspirin - for its anti-inflammatory/analgesic effects - but not if SLE or thrombocytopenia are present
o High dose corticosteroids (with/without aspirin) - see above
o Cytotoxic drugs :
 Azathioprine - 2mg/kg body weight daily or on alternate days or in combination with cyclophosphamide
 Cyclophosphamide - 2 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 days per week
o Gold salt therapy - 1mg.kg body weight of sodium aurothiomalate every week
• Systemic lupus erythematosus - see below
• Enteropathic arthritis
o Polyarthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease has been reported to occur in dogs
Multiple organ autoimmune disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
o High dose corticosteroids - see above
o Azathioprine - for long term treatment
o Cyclophosphamide - see above
o Vincristine - if thrombocytopenia is present - see above
Skin
• Bullous autoimmune skin diseases
o Drugs to suppress the immune response. Combinations of these are often given together :
 Corticosteroids - eg prednisone or prednisolone 1-2mg/kg body weight by mouth twice daily
 Cytotoxic drugs
 azathioprine 2mg/kg body weight daily or on alternate days OR
 cyclophosphamide 2 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 days per week
 Gold salt therapy - 1mg.kg body weight of sodium aurothiomalate every week
 Megestrol acetate (cats only)
o Avoid exposure to sunlight (cases of pemphigus erythematosus)
Thyroid
• Lymphocytic thyroiditis
o Synthetic thyroid hormone (T4) replacement therapy
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Prognosis
In autoimmune diseases the prognosis is always guarded with only fair to poor chances of long term survival without treatment. However some respond well to therapy. Some examples are:
• Autoimmune thrombocytopenia - prognosis is good if treated aggressively
• Bullous autoimmune skin diseases - can often go into remission and be controlled with drugs.
• Canine hypothyroidism due to lymphocytic thyroiditis can often be controlled well with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
• Myasthenia gravis - prognosis is guarded. Some can undergo remission and be controlled, others progress and die
• Systemic lupus erythematosis - prognosis is fair


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HEALTH TIPS: HERBAL REMEDIES

Herbal and alternative medicines are increasingly used, and even more increasingly recognized by patients and consumers alike. While the use of these agents is understandable, and may certainly be beneficial, there are a number of important points to be recognized by those who prescribe them. In most cases, that prescriber is YOU, and you therefore have to take at least a little time to do your prescribing as carefully as you would expect of your physician. The list of points below is rather long . . . but you really need to pay attention to all of them.

  • The term "natural" or "herbal" does not in any way necessarily mean "safe" (snake venom is natural . . . and deadly)
  • The FDA investigates medications and is also responsible for food items and additives. This federal agency demands proof of a level of effectiveness for drugs, and at least safety for food. It is very much worth remembering that herbal remedies are considered neither drug nor food, and are virtually unregulated. As opposed to drug development in which the pharmaceutical company must involve itself in expensive proofs of safety and effectiveness to the FDA, this same agency requires no proof of anything from those who sell herbs (Europeans do have controls on herbs). Indeed, the FDA would have to prove unsafety to remove them from the market. Be careful in your choice of preparations . . . there are unsafe fly-by-night vendors alongside those selling safe preparations.
  • When evaluating an herbal preparation, be sure the label contains information on the product's scientific name, plant parts used, name and address of the manufacturer, batch and lot number, and dates of manufacture and expiration.
  • • The self-prescriber of multiple herbs will be experimenting with his/her own combination of therapies. This markedly increases the potential for negative interactions.
  • • These agents do definitely have biologic effects . . . they will interact with prescription medicines and may cause other side effects. You really need to let your "conventional physician" know what you're taking.
  • • While the name on the bottle may be a familiar one, in many cases you really don't know all of the ingredients you're getting in a particular formulation. Perhaps the best source of information on herbs is the (recently translated to English) German Commission E Monographs (almost 700 pages long). This is a useful resource. However, while valuable information is available, remember that the information was obtained in the regulated European community, and non-regulated American preparations may be different. Furthermore, the studies that were done were supervised by physicians, and did not measure the effects of the usual American practice of herbs of consumer self-prescription.
  • • Be particularly careful if you are pregnant. Discuss all formulations with your doctor as you would any other drug.
  • • Self-prescription of herbs involves self-diagnosis. It would be hard to gauge which could be more dangerous. Please be careful with both.
  • • Likewise, as a self-prescriber, you are in the position of choosing your own dose. Do not be tempted to believe that "if a little bit is good, more is better". Choose reasonable doses.
  • • It has been argued for years that "there isn't enough money" in herbs because they can't be patented for profit by the giant drug companies. There are several fallacies to this argument in the late 1990's.
    • 1) There is now a US Government agency tasked with investigating similar agents.
    • 2) There is "big money" in herbs, about $24 billion per year . . . surely someone could afford a few simple clinical studies to help their users make informed decisions!
    • 3) The big drug companies like Bayer, SmithKlineBeecham and Whitehall-Robins are marketing lines of herbal remedies.
    • 4) Finally, the most successful of the herbal remedies (saw palmetto for prostate problems) is seeking FDA approval as a bona fide drug. A slightly different formulation has been devised which does allow the manufacturer to patent the process. Look for others to follow.
  • I think these points allow us, consumers and physicians, to demand more studies and reliable information from the herb industry.
  • Many herbs have been studied to some degree, and there is evidence that they can produce biological activity in the test tube and in the body. The fact that an agent can be shown to create a measurable change which might be helpful does give impetus to further investigation. For example, many herbs claim to decrease laboratory parameters associated with blood clotting -- this does not in any way mean that it will actually work in humans in the same way. The pharmaceutical industry is well-experienced with investigating substances with similar promise that don't pan out for a variety of reasons. Don't be overly optimistic about an herb because there is a little science behind it -- careful clinical trials are necessary before there is proof that it works. There are many things that are "antioxidants" indeed, and their ingestion can be fatal. This is not trying to imply that the agents listed here would be deadly, but to point out that looking at just one aspect of a drug or herb's activity, particularly those that are shown only in a test tube, could give a very inaccurate idea of its overall effects. Finally, remember that the best method is to have multiple clinical trials showing an effect.
  • There are unquestionably persons promoting some substances of very questionable value. Beware, the Internet is one of their very favorite places to do business.
  • Like everything else, herbs do not make up for improper health practices such as lack of exercise, overweight or a poor diet.
  • Perhaps the biggest danger is misallocation of scarce resources. By that I mean the danger that people will place their money and their faith too much in unproven remedies. It is not unreasonable to view these agents as complementary, but beware of not doing well proven "conventional" modes of therapy. While not all chemotherapy is curative, many are . . . There are far too many stories of people turning down some of the well-proven chemotherapy regimens to follow herbal remedies which are unlikely to provide benefit.
  • The greatest danger of herbal therapy is that it may replace a more accurate diagnosis or more effective therapy.


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